Unit 3 Section D Summary HW Problems Pt. 2

#9:
a. 

b. 

#10:
Colloid because there are no particles.

#13:
a. 2.11%
b. 0.009%

#14:
Oceans, glaciers, water vapor, rivers.

#15:
Water is a renewable resource, because the amount of it has stayed the same for billions of years, and there's tons of it.

#16:
The water cycles through Earth's hydrologic cycle.

#1:
To remove impurities to make it drinkable.

#2:
Screening, filtration, chlorination

#3:
Removing foreign objects and substances such as oil or water or sticks.

#4:
a. Because salt water is a colloid, therefor they could not separate the salt and the water.
b. Separating the salt from the water.

#5:

#6:
Although global warming has melted some ice caps and made the water level rise, the water level of the world overall has not changed because water cannot be created or destroyed.

#7:
Being thirsty by the ocean and not having fresh water with you.

#8:
Without one step, the whole hydrologic cycle would be thrown off.

#11:
Wut.

#12:
It neutralizes acidic water.

#13:
Fluoride reduces tooth decay.

#18:
Chlorinated water is just overall safer to drink than untreated water, because the chlorine kills bacteria.

#19:
Too much chlorine in the water could be bad, and there are less of the beneficial chemicals.

Unit 3 Section D Summary HW Problems Pt. 1

#1:
Large organic molecules found in living systems.

#2:
a. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear fission
b. Natural gas
c. Nuclear fission

#3:
Biomass, hydropower, coal.

#4:
Macromolecules like lipids, carbohydrates and proteins.

#5:
Petroleum is used for fuel, and in its raw form, to make all kinds of everyday objects like sports equipment and CDs.

#17:
a. Burning of fossil fuels, respiration.
b. Forests, ocean
c. Running would increase your amount of CO2

#18:
A carbon dioxide starts in the atmosphere and moves to the biosphere to be altered by a plant.  Then, the plant decays into the ground and seeps into water below the surface of the Earth, ending up in the ocean.

#19:
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2, C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O

#20:
a. Increase of H2O increases with CO2 as more respiration occurs
b. It would counteract the predicted behavior of global warming because the water vapor would cool the air, but still not Earth's temperature.

Unit 3 Section C Summary HW Problems Pt. 2

#10:

#11:
a. Pentane: C5H12 + 8O2 --> 5CO2 + 6H2O
b. Propane: C3H8 + 5O2 --> 3CO2 + 4H2O
c. Hexane: 2C6H14 + 19O2 --> 12CO2 + 14H20

#1:
a. Chemical bonds break by pulling apart.
b. It requires energy.
c. They both have to be separated.
d. The chemical bonds are like magnets, they "snap" together.

#4:
a. Yes, because when the fuels combust they release energy, making it an exothermic reaction.
b. Coals, oils, and natural gases.

Unit 3 Section C Summary HW Problems Pt. 1

#1:
The energy stored in petroleum hydrocarbons was originally captured by photosynthesis in plants.  Since animals eat the plants, and both plants and animals die, layers of crude oil formed.

#2:
a. A coiled spring.
b. The spring unwinding.

#3:
Bonds break and form to create new compounds.

#4:
Butane, it has more bonds that can break.

#5:
a. Potential
b. Potential
c. Kinetic
d. Potential
e. Kinetic

#6:
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

#7:
Chemical bonds being broken do not require energy, they release stored energy.

#8:
a. Exothermic
b. Endothermic
c. Exothermic

#9:
C22H46 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
The amount of carbon atoms bonded in the reactants is far higher than the amount of carbon atoms bonded in the products, which means bonds were broken and energy was released.

Unit 3 Section B Summary HW Problems Pt. 1

#1:
Two atoms sharing valence electrons.

#3:
The electrons are the sock and the dogs are the atoms.  When the atoms try to pull away, the electrons keep them stuck together.

#4:
Valence electrons.

#5:
If written in Lewis structure, the two dots could be confused as valence electrons.

Unit 3 Section A Summary HW Problems Pt. 4

#24:
Methane, pentane, hexane, octane

#25:
Branched has a lower boiling point.  Branched has a higher density because it is so compact, and the intermolecular forces are weaker.

#26:
a. Short straight
b. Short branched
c. Short branched

#1:
a. Alphabetical.
b. No, it has no purpose.

#2:
a. Order the data table based on the boiling points.
b. Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane.

#3:
Methane, ethane, propane, butane.

#4:
It is at or below 22 degrees Celsius.

#5:
None of the substances' boiling points show up between the temperatures.

#6:
The intermolecular forces are strong compared to butane.

#6:
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3, CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

#7:
a. Heptane, nonane.
b.
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

#8:
a. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
b. The condensed is better because it is shorter and easier to write.

#20:
Yes, only the shape has changed.

#21:

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3


CH3                                                            CH3                                                   CH3
   |                                                                 |                                                       |
CH2                                                              CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2
   |                                                           
CH2                                                               
   |
CH2
   |
CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

#22:
Propane (C3H8)

Unit 3 Section A Summary HW Problems Pt. 3

#17:
a. C9H2O
b. C10H22
c. C16H34
d. C18H38

#18:
a. nonane
b. decane
c. hexadecane
d. octodecane

#19:
a. Propane C3H8
b. Pentane C5H12

#20:
Yes, only their shape changed.

#21:
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3


CH3                                                            CH3                                                   CH3
   |                                                                 |                                                       |
CH2                                                              CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2
   |                                                           
CH2                                                               
   |
CH2
   |
CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
#22:
Propane (C3H8)

#23:
Both representations are correct.  The shapes in which the atoms are connected does not matter unless it changes the order or amount of atoms.

Unit 3 Section A Summary HW Problems Pt. 2

#9:
When the liquids in question are no soluble.

#10:
Acetone and water.

#11:

(Dude I can't draw)

#12:

#13:
Unlike simple distillation, fractional distillation does not separate each compound in crude oil.

#14:
Light: Kerosene, refined oils, aviation and motor gasoline
Intermediate: Gas oil, heavy furnace oil, diesel fuel oil
Heavy: Lubricating oil and grease, heavy oils and wax, petrochemicals (all 3)

#15:
Top, because the substances either condense high in the column or are drawn off the top as gasses.

#16:
Distilling the fractions with more fractal distillations will make more materials.

A.1, A.2, A.3

Viscosity is the term for resistance to flow.  Petroleum is a substance with high viscosity, meaning that, like honey, it flows slowly and with difficulty.  Crude oil is the term used for petroleum that is pumped from underground.  Refined petroleum is a mix of hydrocarbons.  Hydrocarbons are molecular compounds that contain only atoms of the elements hydrogen and carbon.  Petroleum is mostly used as fuel, but its other uses as a raw material include: being in CDs, sports equipment, clothing, automobile parts, plastic charge cards, and carpeting.  Dude, petroleum is pretty cool.

Unit 3 Section A Summary HW Problems Pt. 1

#1:
A molecular compound that contains only atoms of the elements hydrogen and carbon.

#2:
Refining a source means to process it so that its able to be used.

#3:
When converted to gasoline it is extremely useful.  It can also be used as a raw material in many substances.

#4:
66% of Earth's crude oil reserves are found in the Middle East.

#5:
Crude means that the substance hasn't been processed.

#6:
a. 0.11 x 20, 000, 000 = 2, 200, 000 barrels
b. 0.89 x 20, 000, 000 = 17, 800, 000 barrels

#7:
Household lubricating oil, asphalt, motor oil, mineral oil.

#8:
a. Clothing, CDs, sports equipment, and plastic charge cards.
b. Clothing= fabric, CDs = plastic, sports equipment = strong plastic (or metal in some areas), plastic charge cards = plastic

Unit 1 Section D Summary HW Problems Pt. 4

#13:
Carbon.

#14:
Brass is CZn.  It is used for plumbing, light fixtures, rivets, screws and ships.  The properties of brass vary with the proportion of copper and zinc.

#15:
Sustainability preserves the ability of future generations to thrive and meet their resource needs on a habitable Earth.

#16:
a. Reusing does not change the material itself, but recycling breaks down the material in a way so that it can be used differently.
b. Reusing: using an older sibling's clothing, using old grocery bags to wrap presents.
    Recycling: card board and water bottles.

#17:
a. Renewable Resources: geothermal energy, windpower, animal fat, alcohol
b. Nonrenewable Resources: plastic, nuclear energy, gold, silver

#18:
a. reusing
b. recycling
c. reusing

#19:
The life cycle of a lightbulb would differ from the life cycle of a newspaper, because once a lightbulb has burnt out there is virtually no use for it anymore.  However, newspaper can be shredded down for compost, used to wrap presents, used to lay down on a table to protect from art project, folded up to create art, or used for packing to protect the stuff inside.

#20:
A law enacted by the government can be broken or changed, while a scientific law is fact and cannot be broken.

Chemical and Physical Properties in Baking Chocolate-Chip Cookies

#1: Mix the flour with the sugar in a big bowl.

    

#2: Add brown sugar.

#3: Add vanilla extract.

#4: Crack two large eggs into the bowl.

Step 1-4: Physical Changes

Because the different substances are mixed together, but not chemically combined, steps 1-4 are physical changes.

#5: Mix all the ingredients together with a wooden spoon.

Step 5: Physical Change

Although the ingredients are mixed together and hard to tell apart from one another, a chemical change that alters the chemical makeup of the ingredients has not occurred.

#6: Add two sticks of butter.

#7: Mix the butter in with the other ingredients.

#8: Once the butter has been completely blended in with the original mixture, add chocolate chips.

Steps 6-8: Physical Changes (Still, Madison?  Really?  Is this even a project?)

Again, since the ingredients are merely mixed together, not combined chemically, they go through a physical change.

#9:  Place the cookies on a tray and put them in the oven at 375 degrees.

#10: Let them bake for 7-8 mins.  When they're brown around the edges, take them out and let them cool.

Step 10: CHEMICAL CHANGE (FINALLY)

Baking the cookies is a chemical change because the CO2 causes the dough to rise, and creates the porous texture on the underside of the cookies.

Unit 1 Section D Summary HW Problems Pt. 3

#7:
a. 3
b. 2
c. 1

#8:
a. 

b.

c.

#9:
a. 1, 3, 2, 3
b. 2, 25, 16, 18

#10:
a. Yes, the atoms are conserved.
b. The chemical equation is balanced, but he changed the subscripts from the original equation.
c. Na2SO4 + 2 KCl -> 2 NaCl + K2SO4

#11:
An alloy is a solid combination of atoms of tow or more metals.

#12:
I use brass because it's common in plumbing and light fixtures, and I use bronze because it's in coins.

D.8, D.9, D.10

An alloy is a combination of atoms involving two or more metals.  Making an alloy can help strengthen metals by mixing them with other elements with better qualities.  For example, a niobium and tin alloy is superconductive.  Superconductivity means that the alloy has the ability to conduct an electric current without any electrical resistance.  Making alloys can be useful on the macroscopic level to help the sustainability level of future generations.  Sustainability preserves the ability of future generations to thrive and meet their resource needs on a habitable Earth.  Renewable resources like water, air, soil, plants, and animals can be maintained indefinitely, and nonrenewable resources, such as metals, natural gas, coal, and petroleum, cannot be readily replenished.  The four Rs (rethinking, reusing, reducing, and recycling) help us to better the future for later generations and use the least amount of resources we can, effectively.  

Unit 1 Section D Summary HW Problems Pt. 2

#1:
a. 

b. 

c.  (a) A molecule of hydrogen is combined with a molecule of chlorine to form two molecules of hydrochloric acid. (b)  Two molecules of hydrogen peroxide are formed when two molecules of water react with one molecule of oxygen.

#2:
a. NaHCO3 + HCl ---> NaCl + H2O + CO2
b. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

#3:
The law of conservation of matter says that in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.

#4:
A phenomenon of nature that has been proven to always occur whenever certain conditions exist.

#5:
a. 

b.

c.

#6:

Expressions such as "using up" and "throwing away" are misleading because the law of conservation of matter states that atoms cannot be created or destroyed.

Unit 1 Section D Summary HW Problems Pt. 1

#3:
a. Two molecules of hydrochloric acid are combined with one atom of magnesium to produce one atom of hydrogen and one atom of magnesium chloride.
b. HCl is a compound, Mg is an element, H2 is an element, and MgCl2 is a compound.
c.

#1:
a. 

b. 

c.  (a) A molecule of hydrogen is combined with a molecule of chlorine to form two molecules of hydrochloric acid. (b)  Two molecules of hydrogen peroxide are formed when two molecules of water react with one molecule of oxygen.

#3:
The law of conservation of matter says that in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.

#5:
a. 

b.

c.

#1:
a. One molecule of methane combines with two molecules of oxygen to produce one molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water. 
b.

c.

d.

#2:

a. One molecule of hydrobromic acid combines with magnesium to produce one molecule of hydrogen and one molecule of magnesium bromide.

b.

c.

d.

#3:

a.  Four molecules of silver, four molecules of hydrogen sulfide and one molecule of oxygen combine to produce two molecules of silver sulfide and four molecules of water.

b.

c.

d.

#4:

a.  One molecule of the ore hematite combines with three molecules of carbon oxide to produce two molecules of iron and three molecules of carbon dioxide.

b.

c.

d.

#5:

a.  Two molecules of aluminum combine with six molecules of hydrochloric acid to produce two molecules of aluminum chloride and three molecules of hydrogen.

b.

c.

d.