Oxidization is when an element loses electrons. Reduction, on the other hand, is when an element gains electrons. Electroplating is placing a thin layer of metal on a surface by an electrical process that involves oxidation-reduction reaction. When oxidation and reduction occurs at the same time, it's called an oxidation-reduction reaction. Dot structure is show electrons that are readily moveable as dots instead of a number. A cathode is where reduction occurs, and an anode is the ultimate source of electrons in any electrochemical process. A materials life cycle has multiple stages: its acquisition, manufacturing, use/reuse/maintenance, and recycle/waste management. Energy is used in every stage, so it's important for scientists to think about how much energy is needed for each phase of life. Waste is also produced, and the amount of waste must also be calculated.
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