C.6, C.7, C.8, C.9, C.10

Moles are used by scientists to measuring weight.  Moles help us calculate the weight/mole of any element, giving us a number easier to wrap our head around rather than the actual weight of an atom.  Moles also help us determine percent composition, or how much of the a certain element is in a compound.  The equation to find the percent composition of an element is the weight/mole of the element over the weight/mole of the whole compound, multiplied by 100%.  When an ore is mined, manufacturers try and get the purity up to 100% through refining. Refining is the removal of impurities from the ores.  OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain) is an acronym to help you remember the rules of reduction and oxidation.  In metallurgy, there are three common ways to remove an ore from the crust of the Earth. First, electrometallurgy uses en electric current to supply electrons to metal ions, reducing them.  Then, pyrometallurgy treats metals and their ores with thermal heat.  Finally, hydrometallurgy treats metals and their ores with reactants in water solution.