D.1, D.2, D.3, D.4

A diatomic molecule is a molecule that exists as two bonded atoms of the same elements.  Some examples include hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.  When molecules of gasoline burn in an automobile engine, the carbon and hydrogen atoms react with oxygen in the air to form carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.  This is all exhaust, and separate in the atmosphere.  The law of conservation of matter states that in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.  This is why all chemical equations must have an equal number of atoms on both the reactant and product side.  This is called a balanced chemical equation.  A coefficient indicates the relative number of units of each substance involved in the chemical reaction.  

C. 11, C. 12, C. 13, C. 14, C. 15

Oxidization is when an element loses electrons.  Reduction, on the other hand, is when an element gains electrons. Electroplating is placing a thin layer of metal on a surface by an electrical process that involves oxidation-reduction reaction.  When oxidation and reduction occurs at the same time, it's called an oxidation-reduction reaction.  Dot structure is show electrons that are readily moveable as dots instead of a number.  A cathode is where reduction occurs, and an anode is the ultimate source of electrons in any electrochemical process.  A materials life cycle has multiple stages: its acquisition, manufacturing, use/reuse/maintenance, and recycle/waste management.  Energy is used in every stage, so it's important for scientists to think about how much energy is needed for each phase of life.  Waste is also produced, and the amount of waste must also be calculated.  

Unit 1 Section C Summary HW Problems Pt. 3

#21:
a.
i. 68.3%
ii. 10%
iii. 6.83%

#22:
The percent composition is determined by using an element's molar mass, not the amount of atoms of it in a compound.

#23:
Oxidation is losing (electrons), reduction is gaining (electrons)

#24:
a. Au2+ + 2e- --> Au
b. V - 4e- --> V4+
c. Cu+ - e- --> Cu2+

#25:
a. Reduction
b. Oxidation
c. Reduction

#26:
a. Zinc because it lost electrons
b. Nickel because it gained electrons
c.  Zinc

#27:
a. Mercury because it lost electrons
b. Potassium because it gained electrons
c. Mercury

#28:
a. Al + Cr3+ -->  Al3+ + Cr
b. Mn2+ + Mg --> Mn + Mg2+

#29:
a. Electrometallurgy uses an electric current to supply electrons to metal ions, reducing them
b. Pyrometallurgy treats metals and their ores with thermal heat
c. Hydrometallurgy treats ores and other metal-containing materials with reactant in water solution

#30:
a. Electrometallurgy
b. Pyrometallurgy

C.6, C.7, C.8, C.9, C.10

Moles are used by scientists to measuring weight.  Moles help us calculate the weight/mole of any element, giving us a number easier to wrap our head around rather than the actual weight of an atom.  Moles also help us determine percent composition, or how much of the a certain element is in a compound.  The equation to find the percent composition of an element is the weight/mole of the element over the weight/mole of the whole compound, multiplied by 100%.  When an ore is mined, manufacturers try and get the purity up to 100% through refining. Refining is the removal of impurities from the ores.  OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain) is an acronym to help you remember the rules of reduction and oxidation.  In metallurgy, there are three common ways to remove an ore from the crust of the Earth. First, electrometallurgy uses en electric current to supply electrons to metal ions, reducing them.  Then, pyrometallurgy treats metals and their ores with thermal heat.  Finally, hydrometallurgy treats metals and their ores with reactants in water solution.

Unit 1 Section C Summary HW Problems Pt. 2

#11:
The positive ions of the metals mix with the negative ions in nature, making them stick together.

#12:
a.  My main resource was the book
b. Our school textbook is most likely a reliable source
c. There wasn't any bias

#13:
I would consider our school textbook to be a reliable source, since it was a published work.

#14:
If your information is inaccurate, you will be lacking the actual information needed to maintain a safe lab environment.

#15:
19.1 million

#16:
a. 32 g/mol
b. 48 g/mol
c. 100 g/mol
d. 58 g/mol
e. 180 g/mol

#17:
Their molar masses aren't similar.

#18:
a. 1 mole
b. 1/2 of a mole
c. 1/10 of a mole

#19:
The quarter is 91.7% copper and 8.3 % nickel.

#20:
a. 87.1%
b. 53%
c. 40%

C.1, C.2, C.3, C.4, C.5

Resources such as copper are running low because the need for elements with useful traits such as ductility, conductivity, malleability, and resistance to corrosion is great.  Different resources come from different parts of Earth.  For example, the atmosphere gives us nitrogen, oxygen, neon, and argon.  The hydrosphere provides water and some dissolved minerals, and the lithosphere (or crust of the Earth) provides almost everything else.  The lithosphere has the greatest variety of chemical resources.  Manufacturers of theses raw materials may find a deposit of ores filled with minerals.  A deposit os a naturally occurring collection of ores in the lithosphere. Ores are naturally occurring rocks or minerals that can be mined.  Finally, minerals are naturally occurring solid compounds containing the element or group of elements of interest.  Miners and scientists have to consider a lot before they begin mining.  Some of the conditions that determine whether mining is a good idea are: quantity of the ore, percent of metal in the ore, type of mining and processing needed, distance from the mine to the manufacturing facility, the metal's supply-versus-demand status, and the environmental impact this process may have.  The percent composition of a component is the percent by mass of each component found in a sample.  To find the percent composition, one must divide the mass of each constituent metal by the mass of the whole and multiply by 100%.  Percent composition is important because it helps geologists describe the amount of a substance in an ore and helps weigh the decision on whether or not it should be mined.

Unit 1 Section C Summary HW Problems Pt. 1

#1:
-Atmosphere: nitrogen and oxygen
-Hydrosphere: water and some dissolved minerals
-Lithosphere: petroleum and metal-bearing ores

#2:
a. The crust is the thin layer of the Earth that we live on, the mantle is a section of rock that is 2850 km thick which lays between Earth's crust and core, and the core is the hot center of the earth.
b. Although it is the thinnest layer, the crust provides us with the most resources

#3:
a. Peru
b. Chile
c. China

#4:
China.

#5:
An ore is a naturally occurring rock or mineral that can be mined and from which it is profitable to extract a metal or other material, while a mineral is a naturally occurring solid compound containing the element or a group of elements of interest.

#6:
-Quantity of ore at site
-Percent of metal in the ore
-Type of mining and processing needed to extract the metal from its ore
-Distance of the mine from metal refining facilities and markets
-Metal's supply-versus-demand status
-Environmental impact of the mining and processing

#7:
The safety conditions of the mine may have changed, or the value of gold may have risen.

#8:
How much there is of an ore with resources that are needed by the public.

#9:
Active metals would react with the chemicals or methods used to free the elements, while less active metals wouldn't be as difficult to extract.

#10:
The nonmetals would be hardest to extract because of their brittleness, the metalloids would be less hard than the nonmetals, and the metals would be easiest to extract because of their malleability without damaging the element.